![]() Long-term treatment of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit reduces hydrostatic pressure in the cardiovascular system, depletes skeletal muscle forces and reduces total energy expenditure, which has negative effects on the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and circulation and causes muscle weakness. In critically ill patients, muscle atrophy is mainly a result of a massive loss of myosin and myoglobin-related proteins in limb and trunk muscles. Muscle atrophy occurs due to an imbalance between synthesis and uncontrolled degradation of muscle proteins. Recent studies show muscle atrophy and loss of muscle mass in mechanically ventilated patients in the early hours of admission. Atrophy and muscle weakness are common problems in the ICU. Prolonged stays in the intensive care unit often lead to neuromuscular complications, impaired physical function, and impaired mental health. The intensive care unit is where critically ill patients need intensive care for 24 h. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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